考虑土体性质的黄土震陷灾害区域性特征          下载免费PDF全文

许书雅  王平  王会娟  于一帆 《地震工程学报》2020,42(5):1194-1201

本研究在通渭、兰州、西吉、宝鸡、西安等多个西北典型黄土震陷灾害场地获取原状土样，通过对密度、含水率、孔隙比、塑液限等物理指标的测试，分析其与土体震陷性的关系；通过动弹性模量和阻尼比、动强度、震陷等室内动力特性试验，并结合大量前人研究资料，分析土体性质对岩土震陷灾害的区域性影响。结果表明：1）震陷系数与单一土体物性参数呈正相关或负相关关系，六盘山以西和以东的黄土震陷特性反映了明显的地区变化规律，在相同地震荷载作用下震害东轻西重；2）随着时间的推移，人类的活动增加，改变了土的含水率，导致土体上覆压力增大，在上覆压力的作用下，土体的初始孔隙数量有所减少，其固结程度越来越好，宏观表现为土体的易损性即震陷性减小。  相似文献   

基于“情景-应对”的矿井水灾事故应急决策机制     

连会青  杨俊文  韩瑞刚  孟璐  韩永 《煤田地质与勘探》2020,48(1):120-128

为解决矿井水灾事故应急快速反应、高效决策的现场需求，针对矿井水灾事故的不确定性、复杂性和紧迫性等特点，运用多案例分析法，解析了11起典型矿井水灾事故，提出了判别“情景”和事故“情景”两个关键概念，定义了集合{突水水源，突水通道，采掘方式，出水量，淹没范围，生存空间}为矿井水灾事故的情景，并运用AHP分析法计算了6个情景要素各自的权重。确立了“情景-应对”应用在矿井水灾应急决策领域的实现途径，详细阐述了构建情景库、案例库、对策库的方法以及“情景-应对”型矿井水灾应急决策方案的生成过程，并提出了以“黄金72小时” “8天8夜”为时间节点的多阶段矿井水灾事故应急决策机制，案例推演应用表明，该应急决策机制不仅规范了事故应急流程，而且实现了精准、快速、高效的目标。   相似文献   

结构震后残余位移研究进展          下载免费PDF全文

刘巴黎  胡进军 《世界地震工程》2020,(3):131-140

结构在强震作用下进入非线性阶段会产生不可恢复的永久位移或残余变形，结构残余位移是震后结构抗震性能和地震损失评估的重要参数，具有重要的理论意义和工程实用价值。为了深入分析残余位移的研究现状，为面向性态抗震设计和抗震韧性评估的地震动强度指标研究提供参考，全面和系统分析了国内外结构残余位移相关文献，介绍了残余位移的定义，重点论述了影响结构残余位移的主要因素，总结归纳了残余位移计算模型、残余位移控制方法及考虑残余位移的抗震性能评估方法，最后讨论了残余位移研究中存在的问题和建议。  相似文献   

地质灾害威胁下的农村居民点用地适宜性评价——以彭州市银厂沟流域为例     

刘腾  任光明  王猛  余天彬 《中国地质调查》2020,7(2):95-100

目前针对受震灾威胁、地质灾害频发的山地环境下的农村居民点布局研究尚不多见。该文以彭州市龙门山镇银厂沟流域为例,首先在总结分析区内地质灾害发育特征的基础上,基于8项指标进行地质灾害危险性分区; 然后,将地质灾害危险性区划结果作为影响农村居民点用地适宜性评价的首要因素,再结合地形条件、社会经济和生态环境等方面,以地质灾害极高危险区、单体地质灾害危害范围、坡度≥25°和基本农田保护区为限制性条件,构建地质灾害威胁下的农村居民点用地适宜性评价指标体系; 最后,采用模糊综合评价法对彭州市银厂沟流域内居民点用地适宜性进行评价分级。研究结果表明: 高度适宜区占研究区总面积的4.2%,中度适宜区占11.4%,低度适宜区占10.5%,不适宜区占73.8%; 农村居民点用地“适宜”区域主要沿公路分布,并存在多个“块状”集中分布区,这些地区地形平坦,交通条件便利,可为新农村住宅位置的选择提供指导意见。  相似文献   

基于变化轨迹分析方法的生态用地流失空间关联研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

刘金雅  汪东川  孙然好  汪翡翠  胡炳旭  陈俊合  孙志超 《地理研究》2020,39(1):103-114

针对现有研究割裂了生态用地流失这一基本变化过程的不足,本文基于变化轨迹分析方法,从过程完整性角度探求了京津冀城市群地区生态用地流失的空间关联特征。结果表明：① 京津冀城市群地区土地利用变化主要表现为林地、草地、水域和耕地的流失,流失面积的40%转为人工表面;② 林地、草地和水域流失的空间自相关性随空间尺度增大而增强,7 km×7 km空间尺度上3种生态用地流失空间正相关性较强,且随距离阈值增加而降低;③ 距离阈值为10 km时,林地、草地流失高发区集中分布在京津冀西北部地区,水域流失高发区集中分布在东部渤海湾附近,生态环境保护应从京津冀协同发展角度,打破区域发展不均衡,促进京津冀城市群全面发展。  相似文献   

基于手机位置数据的地震灾情指标选择     

庞晓克  聂高众  张昕  李华癑  夏朝旭  范熙伟  魏本勇 《中国地震》2019,35(1):144-157

选取四川阿坝州九寨沟县MS7.0地震、新疆博尔塔拉州精河县MS6.6地震、四川广元市青川县MS5.4地震作为案例分析,绘制活跃Wi Fi数量、无线网络联网设备数量、汇总在线设备数量、活跃基站数量等4种地震灾情指标在地震发生前后数量变化的折线图。根据与地震前1天变化情况的对比分析,验证地震灾情指标的可用性,选取出效果好的指标,这对进一步研究震后快速获取极震区位置、影响场方向等具有重要意义。  相似文献   

Partition-coordinated control of soil and water loss for chestnut forests in the Yanshan Mountain Region,China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Xinhui Ding  Guangquan Liu  Xiaoying Liu  Yongsheng Xie  Zhichun Yue 《国际泥沙研究》2019,34(1):58-64

Soil erosion from chestnut forests is one of the most important factors causing land degradation in the Yanshan Mountain Region. A 2-year field study was done to compare the effects on erosion of a control plot (CP), a repaired and maintained horizontal ditch built with an engineering baffle every 6?m (MP 1), and a repaired and maintained horizontal ditch built with an engineering baffle every 8?m (MP 2). The results showed that the slope runoff of chestnut forests was influenced by rainfall characteristic factors. No single rainfall characteristic factor showed dominance for hill slope runoff. The runoff reduction effect of the partition-coordinated erosion control measures (MP 1 and MP 2) was substantial for chestnut forests under high rainfall intensity conditions. However, the runoff reduction efficiency was higher under the conditions of heavy rainfall and low average rainfall intensity than for storms with higher intensity and lower total rainfall. The reduction effect of the partition-coordinated erosion control measures on the runoff and sediment yield of chestnut forest slopes was MP 2 > MP 1 > CP. The runoff reduction rate and erosion reduction rate of MP 2 reached 61.70% and 97.41%, respectively, and that for MP 1 was 54.15% and 85.31%, respectively. Therefore, after a comprehensive comparison, MP 2 was determined to be more effective for soil erosion control for a sloping chestnut forest.  相似文献   

Effects of rainfall patterns on runoff and rainfall-induced erosion   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Morteza Alavinia  Farzin Nasiri Saleh  Hossain Asadi 《国际泥沙研究》2019,34(3):270-278

Rainfall-induced erosion involves the detachment of soil particles by raindrop impact and their transport by the combined action of the shallow surface runoff and raindrop impact. Although temporal variation in rainfall intensity (pattern) during natural rainstorms is a common phenomenon, the available information is inadequate to understand its effects on runoff and rainfall-induced erosion processes. To address this issue, four simulated rainfall patterns (constant, increasing, decreasing, and increasing - decreasing) with the same total kinetic energy were designed. Two soil types (sandy and sandy loam) were subjected to simulated rainfall using 15?cm × 30?cm long detachment trays under infiltration conditions. For each simulation, runoff and sediment concentration were sampled at regular intervals. No obvious difference was observed in runoff across the two soil types, but there were significant differences in soil losses among the different rainfall patterns and stages. For varying-intensity rainfall patterns, the dominant sediment transport mechanism was not only influenced by raindrop detachment but also was affected by raindrop-induced shallow flow transport. Moreover, the efficiency of equations that predict the interrill erosion rate increased when the integrated raindrop impact and surface runoff rate were applied. Although the processes of interrill erosion are complex, the findings in this study may provide useful insight for developing models that predict the effects of rainfall pattern on runoff and erosion.  相似文献   

GIS‐based modelling of soil erosion processes using the modified‐MMF (MMMF) model in a large watershed having vast agro‐climatological differences          下载免费PDF全文

Pratiksha Jain  RAAJ Ramsankaran 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2018,43(10):2064-2076

The present study demonstrates a spatially distributed application of a field‐scale annual soil loss model, the modified‐MMF (MMMF), to a large watershed using hydrological routing techniques, remote sensing data and geospatial technologies. In this study, the MMMF model is implemented after incorporating the corrections suggested in recent literature along with appropriate modifications of the model to suit the agro‐climatological conditions prevailing in most parts of India. Sensitivity analysis carried out through an Average Linear Sensitivity approach indicates that the model outputs are highly sensitive to soil moisture (MS), bulk density (BD), effective hydraulic depth (EHD), ground cover (GC) and settling velocity for clay (VS_c). During calibration and validation, the performance evaluation statistics are mostly in the range of very good to satisfactory for both runoff and soil loss at the watershed outlet. Even spatial validation of the results of intermediate processes in the water phase and the sediment phase, although qualitative, seems to be reasonable and rational. Furthermore, the soil erosion severity analysis for different land‐uses existing in the watershed indicates that about 90% of the watershed area, especially that occupied by agricultural lands, is vulnerable to the long‐term effects of soil erosion. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

地震灾害风险防治协同机制研究     

陈华静  李一行  宫玥  王秀 《震灾防御技术》2020,15(4):731-738

在大应急体制下，地震灾害风险防治迎来新的机遇，同时也面临诸多问题和挑战。通过研究14个省和2个自治区地震灾害风险防治协同文件与协同实践，聚焦政府内部，以综合部门与行业部门的关系为重点，对我国地震灾害风险防治协同情况进行梳理和审视，为进一步完善大应急体制下的地震灾害风险防治协同机制提供实践资料、理论分析和政策建议。  相似文献